Model Answer for Question I
A. Compare between each of the following pairs of items: (9 marks)I. Introduction, Medicinal Leaves and Woods (25 Marks).
1.
2.Condensed tanninsHyrdolyzable tanninPolymer of flavan-3-ol and -3,4-olEsters of gallic/ellagic acid with sugar (glucose)NatureMore condensationHydrolysis à sugar + gallic and/or ellagic acidAction of Acids (HCl)CatecholPyrogallolPyrolysis
3.Black teaGreen tealeft to be oxidized much longer before drying(full fermentation)Steamed (Japanese method) or roasted (Chinese method) soon after picking to stop oxidation by killing Thease enzymeMethod of prep.LowHigh% antioxidant polyphenolsDouble %~ 20 mg/cupFree Caffeine
GinkgoBelladonnaDeeply notched (deeply emrginate)AcuminateApex of leafFlavonoids (25%) e.g.amentoflavone (dimer)Tropane alkaloids e.g. Hyoscyamine, atropine, and hyoscineMain A.C.age-related physical and mental deterioration e.g. Schizophrenia - Alzheimer's disease.Anticholiergic: antispamodic, mydriatic, anodyne, hyperhydrosis….etcMajor use
B. Correct the following statements (5 Marks):
1. Cocaine is the main active constituents of Coca leaves and gives on hydrolysis ecgonine ****, methanol, and benzoic acid.
2. a-Guaiconic acid of yellow Guaiacum wood can be used for detection of a blood stain since it reacts with the (per)oxidase enzyme to give blue color.
3. Scizolysogenous oil glands produce and store volatile (essential) oils in Eucalyptus and Guava leaves which are belonging to family Myrtaceae (Or Buchu à Rutaceae).
4. Buchu leaves are used in treatment of varicose veins due to the presence of diosmin (or flavonoids) while Uva-ursi leaves can be used as urinary antiseptic due to the presence of arbutin.
5. Both Rosemary and Peppermint leaves have stomata of caryophyllaceous (diacytic) type, glandular trichomes of labiaceous type and their hot water extract gives greenish black color with 5% FeCl3 solution.
C. Choose the ONLY ONE INCONSISTENT WORD and EXPLAIN why. (5 Marks)
1. Opium: plant (not animal product).
2. Avicenna: Islamic or arabic (not Greek) pharmacist/physcian.
3. Pectin: Polysaccharides (not phenolic).
4. Acicular crystals of calcium oxalate: (should be microsphenoidal type).
5. Squill leaves: contain (cardiac) glycoside not conatin essential oils.
D. (6 Marks)
1. A6, B4, C2
2. A1, B1, C1 or/& C4
3. A5, B6, C1