Scheme Of lactose

Physical Characters :-
1. Condition → solid
2. Color → white
3. Odor → odorless
4. Miscibility :
- H2O → soluble
- Litmus Paper → no change Comment : neutral compound
- Anhydrous CuSO4 → Comment :


General Reactions :-
1. Dry Heat :
- Change in appearance → melt, boil ,swelling ,charring
- Degree Of Inflammability → inflammable , Non-Smoky So it maybe : Lower aliphatic comp.
- Nitration Test → Not applied
- Odor produced → burnt sugar comment:- May be carbohydrates or hydroxy aliphatic acid or its salt

- Residual Ash → present +conc HCl → no eff. Comment : Non me tallic comp.
2. Action Of Sodalime →
-on cold No Characteristic Observation
-on hot burnt sugar odor Comment :-It may be carbohydrate or hydroxy aliphatic acid
3. Action Of 30% NaOH →
-on cold :No Characteristic Observation
-on hot :brown solution +carmel odor ((carmelization))Comment :-May be carbohydrate except starch and sucrose

4. Action Of NaHCO3 → No effervescence Comment : Not strong acidic compound
5. Action Of FeCl3 → No Characteristic Observation
6. Action Of C.H2SO4 → Charring + effervescence on hot comment :It may be carbohydrate or tartaricacidor its salt

7. Element test : X ( absent ) N( absent ) S( absent )


Special Tests :-
1-molish's test:-sample solution +alcoholic alpha napthol shake well then add coc H2SO4 on the wall of tube withOUT shacking →aviolet ring

2-Reduction:-
a)reduction of ammonical silver nitrate:- 3 ml of silver nitrate solution + few drops of dil. NaOH solution + Add dil. ammonia solution drop by drop until the formed ppt. of silver oxide is almost redissolved. → add few drops of the sample →heat on a water bath → A silver mirror or black ppt. is formed

b)Fehling test:-- Reagent : Fehling A + Fehling B ( equal amounts ) → deep blue color
- sample + drops of Fehling solution → boil in W.B → green solution turns to red ppt

c)benedict's test
cupper sulphite +sodium bicarbonate +citrate +sample →change the blue color

d)barfoid's test

cupper acetate +acetic acid →het in water bath →no change (negative

3-osazon
sample solution +phenyl hydrazine +sodium acetate +drops of glacial acetic acid →heat in water bath →orange red crystals after heat6ing to 30-45 minutes then cooling




Scheme Of sucrose

Physical Characters :-
1. Condition → solid,crystalline
2. Color → white
3. Odor → odorless
4. Miscibility :
- H2O → soluble
- Litmus Paper → no change Comment : neutral compound
- Anhydrous CuSO4 → Comment

General Reactions :-
1. Dry Heat :
- Change in appearance → melt,boil, swelling ,charring
- Degree Of Inflammability → inflammable , Non-Smoky So it maybe : Lower aliphatic comp.
- Nitration Test → Not applied
- Odor produced → burnt sugar odor comment:- May be carbohydrates or hydroxy aliphatic acid or its salt

- Residual Ash → present +conc HCl → no eff. Comment : Non me tallic comp.
2. Action Of Sodalime →
-on cold No Characteristic Observation
-on hot burnt sugar odor Comment :-It may be carbohydrate or hydroxy aliphatic acid
3. Action Of 30% NaOH →
-on cold :No Characteristic Observation
-on hot :No Characteristic Observation

4. Action Of NaHCO3 → No effervescence Comment : Not strong acidic compound
5. Action Of FeCl3 → No Characteristic Observation
6. Action Of C.H2SO4 → Charring + effervescence on hot comment :It may be carbohydrate or tartaric acid or its salt

7. Element test : X ( absent ) N( absent ) S( absent )


Special Tests :-
1-molish's test:-sample solution +alcoholic alpha napthol shake well then add coc H2SO4 on the wall of tube withOUT shacking →aviolet ring

2-Reduction:-
 a)reduction of ammonical silver nitrate:- 3 ml of silver nitrate solution + few drops of dil. NaOH solution + Add dil. ammonia solution drop by drop until the formed ppt. of silver oxide is almost redissolved. → add few drops of the sample →heat on a water bath → A silver mirror or black ppt. is formed

b)Fehling test:-- Reagent : Fehling A + Fehling B ( equal amounts ) → deep blue color
- sample + drops of Fehling solution → boil in W.B → NO green solution and NO red ppt
c)benedict's test
cupper sulphite +sodium bicarbonate +citrate +sample →no change


d)barfoid's test

cupper acetate +acetic acid →het in water bath →NO red ppt


3-Cobalt nitrate test
sampla solution +cobalt nitrate solution +xss 10% NaOH →violet color

4- reduction after hydrolysis
sample+ solution +dil H2SO4 →leave in water bath for 5 minutes then cool
add Na2CO3 solution
-Fehling test:-- green solution turn to red ppt
-benedict's test change blue color

-barfoid's test red ppt






Scheme Of starch


Physical Characters :-
1. Condition → solid,powder,fine
2. Color → white
3. Odor → odorless
4. Miscibility :
- H2O → soluble
- Litmus Paper → no change Comment : neutral compound
- Anhydrous CuSO4 → Comment

General Reactions :-
1. Dry Heat :
- Change in appearance → melt,boil, swelling ,charring
- Degree Of Inflammability → inflammable , Non-Smoky So it maybe : Lower aliphatic comp.
- Nitration Test → Not applied
- Odor produced → burnt sugar odor comment:- May be carbohydrates or hydroxy aliphatic acid or its salt

- Residual Ash → present +conc HCl → no eff. Comment : Non me tallic comp.
2. Action Of Sodalime →
-on cold No Characteristic Observation
-on hot burnt sugar odor Comment :-It may be carbohydrate or hydroxy aliphatic acid
3. Action Of 30% NaOH →
-on cold :No Characteristic Observation
-on hot :No Characteristic Observation

4. Action Of NaHCO3 → No effervescence Comment : Not strong acidic compound
5. Action Of FeCl3 → No Characteristic Observation
6. Action Of C.H2SO4 → Charring + effervescence on hot comment :It may be carbohydrate or tartaric acid or its salt

7. Element test : X ( absent ) N( absent ) S( absent )


Special Tests :-


1-molish's test:-sample solution +alcoholic alpha napthol shake well then add coc H2SO4 on the wall of tube withOUT shacking →aviolet ring

2-Reduction:-
 a)reduction of ammonical silver nitrate:- 3 ml of silver nitrate solution + few drops of dil. NaOH solution + Add dil. ammonia solution drop by drop until the formed ppt. of silver oxide is almost redissolved. → add few drops of the sample →heat on a water bath → A silver mirror or black ppt. is formed

b)Fehling test:-- Reagent : Fehling A + Fehling B ( equal amounts ) → deep blue color
- sample + drops of Fehling solution → boil in W.B → NO green solution and NO red ppt
c)benedict's test
cupper sulphite +sodium bicarbonate +citrate +sample →no change


d)barfoid's test

cupper acetate +acetic acid →het in water bath →NO red ppt


3-Cobalt nitrate test
sampla solution +cobalt nitrate solution +xss 10% NaOH →violet color

4- use the diluted starch solution + few drops diluted Iodine solution → deep blue color

5- reduction after hydrolysis
sample+ solution +dil H2SO4 →leave in water bath for 5 minutes then cool
add Na2CO3 solution
-Fehling test:-- green solution turn to red ppt
-benedict's test change blue color

-barfoid's test red ppt
-Iodine test :- NO blue color